Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a 38-amino acid C-terminally
α-amidated peptide that was first isolated 20 years ago from an ovine hypothalamic extract …

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating
polypeptides (PACAPs) share 68% identity at the amino acid level and belong to the …

Leydig cells are the testosterone-producing cells of the testis. The adult Leydig cell
population ultimately develops from undifferentiated mesenchymal-like stem cells present in …

Exposure to chronic stress has been argued to produce maladaptive anxiety-like behavioral
states, and many of the brain regions associated with stressor responding also mediate …

The adipose-derived hormone, leptin, was discovered over 10 years ago, but only now are
we unmasking its downstream pathways which lead to reduced energy intake (feeding) and …

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the neuroendocrine territories in fish. It
describes the anatomy of the main neuroendocrine territories of the teleost brains. Teleost …

Control of postnatal growth is the main, but not the only, role for growth hormone (GH) as this
hormone also contributes to regulating metabolism, reproduction, immunity, development …

Background Antimicrobial peptides derived from the natural processing of chromogranin A
(CgA) are co-secreted with catecholamines upon stimulation of chromaffin cells. Since …

Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a widely expressed
neuropeptide originally discovered in the hypothalamus. It closely resembles vasoactive …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and the proopiomelanocortin
(POMC)-derived peptide, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), exert anorexigenic …