Fe is essential for plant growth. At the same time, Fe is highly reactive and toxic via the
Fenton reaction. Consequently, plants tightly control Fe homeostasis and react to Fe …

The metalloid arsenic and the heavy metal cadmium have no demonstrated biological
function in plants. Both elements are highly toxic and of major concern with respect to their …

Cadmium (Cd) toxicity has been widely studied in different plant species; however, the
mechanism involved in its toxicity as well as the cell response against the metal have not …

Background, aim, and scope Trace elements (heavy metals and metalloids) are important
environmental pollutants, and many of them are toxic even at very low concentrations …

Heavy metals (HM) are a unique class of toxicants since they cannot be broken down to non-
toxic forms. Concentration of these heavy metals has increased drastically, posing problems …

ZIP transporters (ZRT, IRT‐like proteins) are involved in the transport of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn)
and other divalent metal cations. The expression of IRT3, a ZIP transporter, is higher in the …

The ability of metal hyperaccumulating plants to tolerate and accumulate heavy metals
results from adaptations of metal homeostasis. NRAMP metal transporters were found to be …

NRAMP (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein) homologues are evolutionarily
conserved bivalent metal transporters. In Arabidopsis, AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 play a …

There is a duality in plant tolerance to pollutants and its response to the pollutants' stress. On
the one hand some plants,(hyper) tolerant to heavy metals, are able to hyperaccumulate …

The zinc transporter ZIP4 (SLC39A4) is mutated in humans with the rare, autosomal
recessive genetic disease acrodermatitis enteropathica. In mice, this gene is essential …