The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through
germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid …

The innate immune system is critical for the early detection of invading pathogens and for
initiating cellular host defence countermeasures, which include the production of type I …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved innate receptors expressed in
various immune and non-immune cells of the mammalian host. TLRs play a crucial role in …

The innate immune system is essential for the initial detection of invading viruses and
subsequent activation of adaptive immunity. Three classes of receptors, designated retinoic …

The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich-repeat-containing (NLR) family of pattern-
recognition molecules mediate host immunity to various pathogenic stimuli. However, in vivo …

RNA is sensed by Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 or by the RNA helicases LGP2,
Mda5 and RIG-I to trigger antiviral responses. Much less is known about sensors for DNA …

We report here the identification and characterization of a protein, ERIS, an endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) IFN stimulator, which is a strong type I IFN stimulator and plays a pivotal role …

Antiviral immunity is triggered by immunorecognition of viral nucleic acids. The cytosolic
helicase RIG-I is a key sensor of viral infections and is activated by RNA containing a …

Abstract Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-
like helicase (RLH) receptors, are involved in innate immune antiviral responses. Here we …