Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors (NLRs) are a specialized group of
intracellular proteins that play a critical role in the regulation of the host innate immune …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that are best-known
for their role in host defence from infection. Emerging evidence also suggests that TLRs …

The IL-1 family cytokines are regulated on transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.
Pattern recognition and cytokine receptors control pro-IL-1β transcription whereas …

Memory CD8 T cells are a critical component of protective immunity, and inducing effective
memory T-cell responses is a major goal of vaccines against chronic infections and …

RNA is sensed by Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR8 or by the RNA helicases LGP2,
Mda5 and RIG-I to trigger antiviral responses. Much less is known about sensors for DNA …

An emerging paradigm in innate immune signalling is that cell biological context can
influence the outcome of a ligand–receptor interaction. In this Review we discuss how Toll …

Microglia are the brain's tissue macrophages and are found in an activated state
surrounding β-amyloid plaques in the Alzheimer's disease brain. Microglia interact with …

Viral infections are frequently cited as a major environmental factor involved in subacute
thyroiditis and autoimmune thyroid diseases This review examines the data related to the …

Immunity against microbial pathogens primarily depends on the recognition of pathogen
components by innate receptors expressed on immune and non-immune cells. Innate …

Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen causing life-threatening mucosal and
systemic infections in immunocompromised humans. Using a murine model of mucosal …