The protease renin is the key enzyme of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade, which
is relevant under both physiological and pathophysiological settings. The kidney is the only …

The origin of migraine pain has not yet been clarified, but accumulating data point to
neuropeptides present in the perivascular space of cranial vessels as important mediators of …

MAPK and Akt pathways are predominant mediators of trophic signaling for many neuronal
systems. Among the vasoactive intestinal peptide/secretin/glucagon family of related …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a triade of motor symptoms due to the
degeneration of nigrostriatal pathway. In addition to these motor impairments, cognitive …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is an important neuropeptide and
immunomodulator in various tissues. Although this peptide and its receptors (ie, VPAC1R …

Inflammation is part of many neurological disorders and immune reactions may influence
neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) contributing to the disease process. Our knowledge about …

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a basic 28 amino acid peptide that binds to a member
of the class II family of G proteincoupled receptors (GPCRs). It is widely expressed …

Mice lacking the neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
(PACAP)(PACAP−/−) display behavioral abnormalities, and genetic variants of the genes …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neurotrophic and
neuroprotective peptide that has been shown to exert protective effects in different neuronal …

Two adjacent groups of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, A9 (substantia nigra pars
compacta) and A10 (ventral tegmental area), have distinct projections and exhibit differential …