While the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are responsible for the recognition and response to
pathogen ligands, increasing evidence suggests that the family of five cytosolic Toll/IL-1 …

The intensity and duration of macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses are controlled
by proteins that modulate inflammatory signaling pathways. MCPIP1 (monocyte chemotactic …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling receptors in the innate immune system that is a
specific immunologic response to systemic bacterial infection. We investigated whether …

Our immune defense depends on two specialized armed forces. The innate force acts as an
alarm mechanism that senses changes in the microenvironment through the recognition of …

A novel exopolysaccharide (EPS) was obtained by ultra-filtration, ion exchange and sizing
chromatography from a culture of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis 12. The EPS was mainly …

Heat shock protein (HSP) 70 provides a spectrum of protection against any of a variety of
stresses, preventing damage measured at the level of molecules, cells, as well as whole …

Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a major acute phase protein involved in multiple physiological
and pathological processes. This study provides experimental evidence that CD36, a …

The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor regulating genes
central to drug and hormone metabolism in the liver. Previous reports indicated that PXR is …

TRAF6 is a key player at the cross-roads of development and immunity. The analysis of its in
vivo molecular function is a great challenge since severe developmental defects and early …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are important innate immune receptors for the identification and
clearance of invading pathogens. Twelve TLRs that recognize various conserved …