Physiological bone remodeling is a highly coordinated process responsible for bone
resorption and formation and is necessary to repair damaged bone and to maintain mineral …

RUNX2 is a multifunctional transcription factor that controls skeletal development by
regulating the differentiation of chondrocytes and osteoblasts and the expression of many …

During endochondral bone development, the first osteoblasts differentiate in the
perichondrium surrounding avascular cartilaginous rudiments; the source of trabecular …

Runx2 protein is first detected in preosteoblasts, and the expression is upregulated in
immature osteoblasts, but downregulated in mature osteoblasts. Runx2 is the first …

Nearly every extracellular ligand that has been found to play a role in regulating bone
biology acts, at least in part, through MAPK pathways. Nevertheless, much remains to be …

It is becoming increasingly clear that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation is
regulated by mechanical signals. Mechanical forces generated intrinsically within the cell in …

In recent years, much progress has been made in understanding the factors that regulate the
gene expression program that underlies the induction, proliferation, differentiation, and …

Chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is typically induced when they are
condensed into a single aggregate and exposed to transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) …

Vertebrate skeletogenesis consists in elaborating an edifice of more than 200 pieces of
bone and cartilage. Each skeletal piece is crafted at a distinct location in the body, is …

A characteristic sign of zinc deficiency is retarded skeletal growth, but the role of zinc in
osteoblasts is not well understood. Two major events for bone formation include osteoblast …