This paper extends the idea behind the U‐statistic of the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test to
perform generalized pairwise comparisons between two groups of observations. The …

Causal inference is of central importance to developmental psychology. Many key questions
in the field revolve around improving the lives of children and their families. These include …

The covariate-adaptive randomization method was proposed for clinical trials long ago but
little theoretical work has been done for statistical inference associated with it. Practitioners …

Background With better understanding of the disease's etiology and mechanism, many
targeted agents are being developed to tackle the root cause of problems, hoping to offer …

STUDY OBJECTIVE: We determine whether imaging with cardiac magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) in an observation unit would reduce medical costs among patients with …

Simple random allocation designs in RCTs cannot always guarantee balance in terms of
variance, between-group size, or covariant effects. This is particularly the case in smaller …

Clinical trials are complex and usually involve multiple objectives such as controlling type I
error rate, increasing power to detect treatment difference, assigning more patients to better …

Minimization (M) is the most popular algorithm for balancing large numbers of subject
variables in treatment groups of small clinical trials. However, its use has been limited …

Abstract Efron [Biometrika 58 (1971) 403–417] developed a restricted randomization
procedure to promote balance between two treatment groups in a sequential clinical trial. He …

Some general points regarding efficiency in clinical trials are made. Reasons as to why
fitting many covariates to adjust the estimate of the treatment effect may be less problematic …