Adjuvants enhance immunity to vaccines and experimental antigens by a variety of
mechanisms. In the past decade, many receptors and signaling pathways in the innate …

Infection of cells by microorganisms activates the inflammatory response. The initial sensing
of infection is mediated by innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which include Toll …

In global terms, respiratory viral infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Infancy,
in particular, is a time of increased disease susceptibility and severity. Early-life viral …

Peroxisomes have long been established to play a central role in regulating various
metabolic activities in mammalian cells. These organelles act in concert with mitochondria to …

RNA virus infection is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I–like receptors
(RLRs), RIG-I, and melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) in the cytoplasm …

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for a
recent, unexpectedly severe epidemic in countries of the Indian Ocean region. Although …

Dendritic cell (DC) populations consist of multiple subsets that are essential orchestrators of
the immune system. Technological limitations have so far prevented systems-wide accurate …

Abstract Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) is a potent proinflammatory factor during viral infection. Its
production is tightly controlled by transcription of Il1b dependent on the transcription factor …

The development of type 1 diabetes involves a complex interaction between pancreatic β-
cells and cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems. Analyses of the interactions …

Ducks and wild waterfowl perpetuate all strains of influenza viruses in nature. In their natural
host, influenza viruses typically cause asymptomatic infection and little pathology. Ducks are …