Abstract Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy), or'self-eating', is a conserved cellular
pathway that controls protein and organelle degradation, and has essential roles in survival …

(Macro) autophagy is a bulk degradation process that mediates the clearance of long-lived
proteins and organelles. Autophagy is initiated by double-membraned structures, which …

Mechanisms that regulate cellular metabolism are a fundamental requirement of all cells.
Most eukaryotic cells rely on aerobic mitochondrial metabolism to generate ATP …

A group of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors, such as 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and
wortmannin, have been widely used as autophagy inhibitors based on their inhibitory effect …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized pathologically by intraneuronal inclusions called
Lewy bodies, largely comprised of α-synuclein. Multiplication of the α-synuclein gene locus …

Mitochondrial dysfunction and perturbed degradation of proteins have been implicated in
Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis. Mutations in the Parkin and PINK1 genes are a …

Autophagy is emerging as a crucial defense mechanism against bacteria, but the host
intracellular sensors responsible for inducing autophagy in response to bacterial infection …

Autophagy is a catabolic process in which lysosomes degrade intracytoplasmic contents
transported in double-membraned autophagosomes. Autophagosomes are formed by the …

Autophagy has been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes.
Accordingly, there is a growing scientific need to accurately identify, quantify, and …

Continuous turnover of intracellular components by autophagy is necessary to preserve
cellular homeostasis in all tissues. Alterations in macroautophagy, the main process …