Lipopolysaccharide that constitutes the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of most Gram-
negative bacteria is referred to as an endotoxin. It is comprised of a hydrophilic …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is produced by Gram-negative bacteria, is a powerful
activator of innate immune responses. LPS binds to the proteins Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) …

Bacterial pathogens utilize pore-forming toxins or specialized secretion systems to deliver
virulence factors to modulate host cell physiology and promote bacterial replication …

Vertebrates vary in resistance and resilience to infectious diseases, and the mechanisms
that regulate the tradeoff between these often opposing protective processes are not well …

Endotoxin refers lipopolysaccharide that constitutes the outer leaflet of the outer membrane
of most Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide is comprised of a hydrophilic …

Summary Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is indispensable for recognition of Gram-negative
bacteria. We described a trafficking pathway for TLR4 from the endocytic recycling …

Type I interferons (IFNs) are secreted cytokines that orchestrate diverse immune responses
to infection. Although typically considered to be most important in the response to viruses …

Yersinia pestis has acquired a variety of complex strategies that enable the bacterium to
overcome defenses in different hosts and ensure its survival and successful transmission. A …

Background Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis are bacterial
pathogens that can cause anthrax, lethal acute pneumonic disease, and bubonic plague …

Campylobacter infection in humans is accompanied by severe inflammation of the intestinal
mucosa, in contrast to colonization of chicken. The basis for the differential host response is …