Apoptosis is a regulated process leading to cell death, which is implicated both in normal
development and in various pathologies including heart failure, stroke and …

The hypothalamus, limbic system, and brainstem play an important role in the regulation of
instinctive behavior. Many kinds of hypothalamic neuropeptides, such as orexin, ghrelin …

Secretin (Sct) is released into the circulation postprandially from the duodenal S-cells. The
major functions of Sct originated from the gastrointestinal system are to delay gastric …

In neurological insults, such as cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury, complex
molecular mechanisms involving inflammation and apoptosis are known to cause severe …

Stem cell-based therapeutics have the potential to effectively treat many terminal and
debilitating human diseases, but the mechanisms by which their growth and differentiation …

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a member of the family of glycoprotein hormones
containing a common alpha-subunit and distinct beta-subunits that confer hormonal …

The developing acrosome in spermatids contains pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating
polypeptide (PACAP). However, the role of the acrosomal PACAP remains unclear because …

Ghrelin was first identified and characterized from rat stomach as an endogenous ligand for
the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. Ghrelin and its receptor system are present not …

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric condition that represents an important
public health concern in modern society. Current pharmacological antidepressant …

Excitotoxicity is a key molecular mechanism of perinatal brain damage and is associated
with cerebral palsy and long term cognitive deficits. VIP induces a potent neuroprotection …