Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increasingly recognized as second messengers in
many cellular processes. While high concentrations of oxidants damage proteins, lipids and …

Metazoans secrete an extensive array of small proteins essential for intercellular
communication, defense, and physiologic regulation. Their synthesis takes mere seconds …

Like the conductor of an orchestra, the Sec protein translocation channel is the platform
needed to bring together the many different players required for the constitutive and …

Cytosolic components and pathways have been identified that are involved in inserting tail-
anchored (TA) membrane proteins into the yeast or mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER) …

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis
as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex in the ER membrane …

During cotranslational integration of a eukaryotic multispanning polytopic membrane protein
(PMP), its hydrophilic loops are alternately directed to opposite sides of the ER membrane …

Multi-spanning membrane protein loops are directed alternately into the cytosol or ER lumen
during cotranslational integration. Nascent chain exposure is switched after a newly …

Proteins of living cells carry out their specialized functions within various subcellular
membranes or aqueous spaces. Approximately half of all the proteins of a typical cell are …

In eukaryotes, protein transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is facilitated by a protein-
conducting channel, the Sec61 complex. The presence of large, water-filled pores with …

In mammalian cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a key role in protein biogenesis
as well as in calcium signalling1. The heterotrimeric Sec61 complex in the ER membrane …