The basal ganglia are a chain of subcortical nuclei that facilitate action selection. Two striatal
projection systems—so-called direct and indirect pathways—form the functional backbone of …

Striatal fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) have a major influence over behavioral output, and a
deficit in these cells has been observed in dystonia and Tourette syndrome. FSIs receive …

Fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) can exert powerful control over striatal output, and deficits in
this cell population have been observed in human patients with Tourette syndrome and …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), dopamine depletion alters neuronal activity in the direct and
indirect pathways and leads to increased synchrony in the basal ganglia network. However …

Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a profound
motor disability that is traceable to the emergence of synchronous, rhythmic spiking in …

Movement disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) are commonly associated with slow
oscillations and increased synchrony of neuronal activity in the basal ganglia. The neural …

Dysfunction of primary motor cortex (M1) is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of
parkinsonism. What specific aspects of M1 function are abnormal remains uncertain …

Objective: Patients with schizophrenia (SZ) show reinforcement learning impairments
related to both the gradual/procedural acquisition of reward contingencies, and the ability to …

The globus pallidus consists of the external (GPe) and the internal (GPi) segments. The GPe
and GPi have different functional roles. The GPe is located centrally within multiple basal …

The motor cortex (MC) sends massive projections to the basal ganglia. Motor disabilities in
patients and animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) may be caused by dopamine (DA) …