Transient cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+] cyt) elevation is an ubiquitous denominator of the
signaling network when plants are exposed to literally every known abiotic and biotic stress …

Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient with numerous cellular functions in plants, and its
deficiency represents one of the most serious problems in human nutrition worldwide. Zn …

Abstract Intracellular Na+/H+ (NHX) antiporters have important roles in cellular pH and Na+,
K+ homeostasis. The six Arabidopsis thaliana intracellular NHX members are divided into …

The plasma membrane sodium/proton exchanger Salt-Overly-Sensitive 1 (SOS1) is a critical
salt tolerance determinant in plants. The SOS2–SOS3 calcium-dependent protein kinase …

Abstract Intracellular Na+/H+ antiporters (NHXs) play important roles in cellular pH and Na+
and K+ homeostasis in all eukaryotes. Based on sequence similarity, the six intracellular …

Background Members of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family are integral membrane
divalent cation transporters that transport metal ions out of the cytoplasm either into the …

K+ is an essential macronutrient required by plants to complete their life cycle. It fulfills
important functions and it is widely used as a fertilizer to increase crop production. Thus, the …

Binding of specific microbial epitopes [MAMPs (microbe-associated molecular patterns)] to
PRRs (pattern recognition receptors) and subsequent receptor kinase activation are key …

Potassium ion (K+) plays vital roles in many aspects of cellular homeostasis including
competing with sodium ion (Na+) during potassium starvation and salt stress. Therefore, one …

The most prominent ion channel localized in plant vacuoles is the slow activating SV type.
Slow vacuolar (SV) channels were discovered by patch clamp studies as early as 1986. In …