Regular exercise reduces the risk of chronic metabolic and cardiorespiratory diseases, in
part because exercise exerts anti-inflammatory effects. However, these effects are also likely …

Accumulation and turnover of extracellular matrix components are the hallmarks of tissue
injury. Fragmented hyaluronan stimulates the expression of inflammatory genes by a variety …

The membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs) trigger innate immune responses after
recognition of a wide variety of pathogen-derived compounds. Despite the wide range of …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria is one of the most potent innate
immune-activating stimuli known. Here we review the current understanding of LPS effects …

The discovery of mammalian TLRs (Toll-like receptors), first identified in 1997 based on their
homology with Drosophila Toll, greatly altered our understanding of how the innate immune …

Receptors that recognize conserved pathogen molecules are the first line of cellular innate
immunity defense. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best understood of the innate immune …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are newly discovered, small, noncoding ribonucleic acids (RNAs) that
play critical roles in the regulation of host genome expression at the posttranscriptional level …

A diverse environment challenges skin to maintain temperature, hydration, and electrolyte
balance while also maintaining normal immunological function. Rosacea is a common skin …

Mucosal surfaces are colonized by large communities of commensal bacteria and represent
the primary site of entry for pathogenic agents. To prevent microbial intrusion, mucosal B …

Biodegradable core− shell structured nanoparticles with a poly (β-amino ester)(PBAE) core
enveloped by a phospholipid bilayer shell were developed for in vivo mRNA delivery with a …