Unresolved inflammation is associated with several widely occurring diseases such as
arthritis, periodontal diseases, cancer, and atherosclerosis. Endogenous mechanisms that …

Chronic pain is a widespread public health issue that has many effects on physical,
emotional and cognitive functions. An estimated 10–55% of all adults are thought to have …

Objective. Previous vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) studies have demonstrated
antinociceptive effects, and recent noninvasive approaches, termed transcutaneous-vagus …

Abstract Background Salvinorin A (SA) has a potent inhibitory action on mouse
gastrointestinal (GI) motility and ion transport, mediated primarily by kappa-opioid receptors …

Opioids are the gold standard for pain treatment but systemic opioid use is accompanied by
central and intestinal side effects. As opioid receptors are expressed on peripheral sensory …

Background Pulsed radiofrequency energy (PRFE) fields are being used increasingly for the
treatment of pain arising from dermal trauma. However, despite their increased use, little is …

The contribution of supraspinal, spinal or peripheral mu‐opioid receptors (MORs) to the
overall antinociception of systemic centrally penetrating versus peripherally restricted …

Effector CD4+ T lymphocytes generated in response to antigens produce endogenous
opioids. Thus, in addition to their critical role in host defenses against pathogens, effector …

Background The mechanisms of the antinociceptive activity of (−) epicatechin (EPI), a
compound isolated from the hydroalcoholic fraction of Combreum leprosum Mart & Eicher …

Background: Despite decades of intense research efforts, actions of acute opioids are not
fully understood. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to well-documented …