Inflammation is a complex reaction to injurious agents and includes vascular responses,
migration, and activation of leukocytes. Inflammation starts with an acute reaction, which …

Invading pathogens have unique molecular signatures that are recognized by Toll‐like
receptors (TLRs) resulting in either activation of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) and/or …

Most biological processes involve multiple proteins interacting with each other. It has been
recently discovered that certain residues in these protein-protein interactions, which are …

To initiate the innate immune response, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) associate with
cytoplasmic adaptor proteins through TIR (Toll/interleukin-1 receptor) domain interactions …

Glial activation via Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling has been shown in animals to play an
important role in the initiation and establishment of chronic pain. However, our ability to …

The mechanisms that control TLR-induced responses, including endotoxin tolerance, have
been not well understood. The tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) is a tumor suppressor …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process accounting for increased cardiovascular
and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality. A wealth of recent data has implicated several …

Background Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus encoded viral FLICE inhibitory
protein (vFLIP) K13 activates the NF-κB pathway by binding to the NEMO/IKKγ subunit of the …

Type I allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis and asthma, depend on allergen-induced T-
helper type 2 (Th2) cells and IgE-secreting plasma cells. Fortunately, this harmful immune …

Macrophages are essential for controlling the majority of infections, and are mediators of
natural immunity. During infection, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates macrophages to …