How do humans make choices between different types of rewards? Economists have long
argued on theoretical grounds that humans typically make these choices as if the values of …

In order to control behavior in an adaptive manner the brain has to learn how some
situations and actions predict positive or negative outcomes. During the last decade …

Reward maximization is a core motivation of every organism. In humans, several brain
regions have been implicated in the representation of reward magnitude. Still, it is unclear …

Context The population of men who display persistent antisocial and violent behavior is
heterogeneous. Callous-unemotional traits in childhood and psychopathic traits in …

The orbitofrontal cortex and adjacent ventromedial prefrontal cortex carry reward
representations and mediate flexible behaviour when circumstances change. Here we …

Employers often make payment contingent on performance in order to motivate workers. We
used fMRI with a novel incentivized skill task to examine the neural processes underlying …

We propose to defined apathy as a quantitative reduction of goal-directed behaviour. As
such, the neural bases of apathy rely on lesions or dysfunctions of the brain structures that …

Abstract The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) involves exploratory learning via rewards and
penalties, where most advantageous task performance requires subjects to forego potential …

Drug-naïve, non-deprived rats were trained to lever press for saccharin under fixed-ratio
(FR) or variable-ratio (VR) schedules of reinforcement. Rats trained on the VR schedule in …

The feedback negativity (FN), an early neural response that differentiates rewards from
losses, appears to be generated in part by reward circuits in the brain. A prominent model of …