Viruses are ubiquitous and can infect any of the three existing cellular lineages (Archaea,
Bacteria and Eukarya). Despite the persisting negative public perception of these entities …

Multidrug efflux pumps have emerged as important mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance
in bacterial pathogens. In order to cause infection, pathogenic bacteria require mechanisms …

Gram-negative bacteria naturally shed particles that consist of outer membrane lipids, outer
membrane proteins, and soluble periplasmic components. These particles have been …

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary cause of urinary tract infection (UTI) in
the developed world. The major factors associated with virulence of UPEC are fimbrial …

Control of membrane permeability is a key step in regulating the intracellular concentration
of antibiotics. Efflux pumps confer innate resistance to a wide range of toxic compounds …

Trimeric autotransporter proteins (TAAs) are important virulence factors of many Gram-
negative bacterial pathogens. A common feature of most TAAs is the ability to mediate …

The Red recombinase system, the most convenient genetic tool applied in Escherichia coli
and other bacteria, was introduced for gene replacement in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The …

In G ram‐negative bacteria, type IV pilus assembly (T4PS) and type II secretion (T2SS)
systems polymerize inner membrane proteins called major pilins or pseudopilins …

Defects in the COP9 signalosome (CSN) impair multicellular development, including
embryonic plant or animal death or a block in sexual development of the fungus Aspergillus …

Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitous, filamentous fungal saprophyte and is the causative
agent of the vast majority of aspergillosis in that invasive aspergillosis is the life-threatening …