People are capable of robust evaluations of their decisions: they are often aware of their
mistakes even without explicit feedback, and report levels of confidence in their decisions …

Intense research interest over the past decade has yielded diverse and often discrepant
theories about the function of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). In particular, a dichotomy has …

According to the resource model of self-control, overriding one's predominant response
tendencies consumes and temporarily depletes a limited inner resource. Over 100 …

Entropy, a concept derived from thermodynamics and information theory, describes the
amount of uncertainty and disorder within a system. Self-organizing systems engage in a …

We present evidence that a multitude of mid‐frontal event‐related potential (ERP)
components partially reflect a common theta band oscillatory process. Specifically, mid …

To behave adaptively, we must learn from the consequences of our actions. Studies using
event-related potentials (ERPs) have been informative with respect to the question of how …

Across eras and literatures, multiple theories have converged on a broad psychological
phenomenon: the common compensation behaviors that follow from violations of our …

The ability to optimize behavioural performance when confronted with continuously evolving
environmental demands is a key element of human cognition. The dorsal anterior cingulate …

It has been repeatedly shown that, when people have experiences that are inconsistent with
their expectations, they engage in a variety of compensatory efforts. Although there have …

We review two decades of research on the error-related negativity (ERN or Ne), a
component of the event-related brain potential that accompanies errors in speeded …