Observational studies have suggested that metformin decreases the incidence of several
common cancers. However, findings regarding breast cancer have been mixed. In order to …

Rapamycin was discovered more than thirty years ago from a soil sample from the island of
Rapa Nui. It was isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus and initial characterization …

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in almost all countries, including
developing countries. In 2008, 1 380 000 new cases and 458 000 breast cancer deaths …

Objective: Tamoxifen is currently used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast
cancer patients, but acquired resistance to tamoxifen is a critical problem in breast cancer …

The insulin and insulin like growth factor (IGF) signaling systems are implicated in breast
cancer biology. Thus, disrupting IGF/insulin signaling has been shown to have promise in a …

Personalized medicine for oestrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive breast cancer requires
predictive biomarkers for broad endocrine resistance as well as biomarkers capable of …

PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is a crucial mediator of tumor progression. As the PI3K/Akt
pathway is heavily deregulated in breast cancer, the application of mTOR inhibitors in breast …

Therapies directed at endocrine receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
are important treatment options for patients with breast cancer; however, drug resistance …

Introduction Strategies to improve the efficacy of endocrine agents in breast cancer (BC)
therapy and to delay the onset of resistance include concomitant targeting of the estrogen …

Hormone receptors are present in the majority of both early-and late-stage breast cancers,
with expression found in approximately 65% to 70% of metastatic tumors. Despite the …