Over the last decade, a series of studies has demonstrated that glia in the central nervous
system play roles in many aspects of neuronal functioning including pain processing …

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 317–332 The aim of this article is to review the clinical,
pathophysiological, and therapeutic aspects of traumatically induced trigeminal nerve pain …

Contemporary studies illustrate that peripheral injuries activate glial components of the
peripheral and central cellular circuitry. The subsequent release of glial stressors or …

Spinal glial and proinflammatory cytokine actions are strongly implicated in pathological
pain. Spinal administration of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 abolishes …

Astrocyte–neuron communication has recently been proposed as a potential mechanism
participating to synaptic transmission. With the development of this concept and …

Background Astrocytes and metabotropic glutamate receptors play important roles in
nociceptive processing. However, their roles in bone cancer pain were not well understood …

Opioids, such as morphine, induce potent analgesia and are the gold standard for the
treatment of acute pain. However, opioids also activate glia, inducing pro-inflammatory …

Background: Central sensitization-associated synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord dorsal
horn (SCDH) critically contributes to the development of chronic pain, but understanding of …

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory pain is an important clinical symptom. The levels of
extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and the levels of cytokines such as interleukin …

During pathological pain, the actions of the endocannabinoid system, including the
cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB2R), leads to effective anti‐allodynia and modifies a variety of …