The emergence of new pathogens and the exploitation of novel pathogenic niches by
bacteria typically require the horizontal transfer of virulence factors and subsequent …

Professional phagocytes, such as neutrophils and macrophages, effectively engulf and
eliminate invading microorganisms. To survive this onslaught, pathogens have developed …

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is able to suppress production of
inflammatory cytokines IL-18 and IL-1β, which are generated through caspase-1-activating …

Maintenance of membrane function is essential and regulated at the genomic,
transcriptional, and translational levels. Bacterial pathogens have a variety of mechanisms …

The innate immune response is the first line of defence against infection. Germ-line-encoded
receptors recognize conserved molecular motifs from both exogenous and endogenous …

The balance between regulatory and inflammatory immune responses is critical to maintain
intestinal homeostasis. Furthermore, the nature of the inflammatory response needs to be …

The present review summarizes data pertaining to the composition and structure of the
carbohydrate moiety (core oligosaccharide) and lipid component (lipid A) of the various …

Although lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation through the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4/MD-2
receptor complex activates host defense against Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, how …

Yersinia pestis is one of the most virulent bacteria identified. It is the causative agent of
plague—a systemic disease that has claimed millions of human lives throughout history. Y …

Disease progression of primary pneumonic plague is biphasic, consisting of a
preinflammatory and a proinflammatory phase. During the long preinflammatory phase …