Research into the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA) has focused on cartilage and peri-
articular bone, but there is increasing recognition that OA affects all of the joint tissues …

Interferon-α (IFNα) and IFNβ, collectively known as type I IFNs, are the major effector
cytokines of the host immune response against viral infections. However, the production of …

The methodology for EPOS2012 has been the same as for the other two productions.
Leaders in the field were invited to critically appraise the literature and write a report on a …

The most important function of the skin is the formation of a barrier between the “inside” and
the “outside” of the organism, which prevents invasion of pathogens and fends off chemical …

Oligonucleotides (ONs), and their chemically modified mimics, are now routinely used in the
laboratory as a means to control the expression of fundamentally interesting or …

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs, 19–24 nucleotides in length, that regulate
gene expression and are expressed aberrantly in most types of cancer. MiRNAs also have …

Probiotic bacteria can modulate immune responses in the host gastrointestinal tract to
promote health. The genomics era has provided novel opportunities for the discovery and …

In the last 5 years, there has been a remarkable change in our understanding of the health
benefits of vitamin D. The classical actions of vitamin D as a determinant of mineral …

Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) binding to bacterial flagellin activates signaling through the
transcription factor NF-κB and triggers an innate immune response to the invading …

Aging results in chronic low grade inflammation that is associated with increased risk for
disease, poor physical functioning and mortality. Strategies that reduce age-related …