Objective Childhood maltreatment increases risk for psychopathology. For some highly
prevalent disorders (major depression, substance abuse, anxiety disorders, and …

There is evidence that excessive stress exposure of the brain, mediated through the
neurotoxic effects of cortisol and possibly neuroinflammation, causes damage to brain …

Altered reactivity to stress, either in the direction of exaggerated reactivity or diminished
reactivity, may signal a dysregulation of systems intended to maintain homeostasis and a …

Rates of obesity are higher than normal across a range of psychiatric disorders, including
major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and anxiety disorders. While the …

Research on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis has emerged as a vital
area within the field of developmental psychopathology in the past 25 years. Extensive …

BackgroundChildhood adverse experiences are known to induce persistent changes in the
hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity to stress. However, the mechanisms by …

To the Editor: Childhood trauma is associated with major depression and alterations of
cortisol secretion and might thus be one important factor in the neurobiology of depression …

Neonatal pain-related stress is associated with elevated salivary cortisol levels to age 18
months in children born very preterm, compared to full-term, suggesting early programming …

Child maltreatment is a potent stressor associated with neuroendocrine dysregulation and
increased risk for mental and physical disorders throughout the lifespan. Gender differences …

Background Dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, typically reflected by
alterations in cortisol responsivity, has been associated with exposure to traumatic events …