Noradrenaline, through action on α 1-and α 2-adrenoceptors, is involved in intrinsic control
of pain. Peripheral noradrenaline that is mainly released by the sympathetic nervous system …

Drugs of abuse such as morphine or marijuana exert their effects through the activation of G-
protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the opioid and cannabinoid receptors, respectively …

Monoamines and neuropeptides interact to modulate most behaviors. To better understand
these interactions, we have defined the roles of tyramine (TA), octopamine, and …

BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated antinociception induced by exercise;
however, the specific mechanisms for this effect are not well understood. Thus, we …

The role of dynorphin A (1-17; Dyn) and its associated kappa opioid receptor (KOR) in
nociception represents a longstanding scientific conundrum: Dyn and KOR (Dyn/KOR) have …

We recently showed that spinal synergistic interactions between δ opioid receptors (δORs)
and α2A adrenergic receptors (α2AARs) require protein kinase C (PKC). To identify which …

Background Pain and agitation are common in patients after craniotomy. They can result in
tachycardia, hypertension, immunosuppression, increased catecholamine production and …

The use of clonidine as a primary and adjuvant analgesic is well-documented. It is known
that imidazoline and α 2-adrenoceptors are involved in clonidine antinociception. Clonidine …

Spinal administration of opioid and α 2-adrenergic receptor (α 2AR) agonists produces
analgesia, and agonists interact synergistically when coadministered. The molecular …

Summary α‐2 adrenoceptor agonists, also referred to as α‐2 agonists, provide dose‐
dependent sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation. α‐2 agonists are frequently used in …