Since the discovery of the lysosome in 1955, advances have been made in understanding
the key roles and functions of this organelle. The concept of lysosomal storage diseases …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in host defense against microbes. In the past
decade, growing numbers of in vitro, in vivo and in silico studies have been performed and …

The morbidity associated with bacterial sepsis is the result of host immune responses to
pathogens, which are dependent on pathogen recognition by pattern recognition receptors …

The interferon (IFN) system is an early innate anti-virus host defense mechanism that takes
place shortly after entry of the pathogen and long before the onset of adaptive immunity …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) is a structural component of the gram-negative outer
membrane. The lipid A moiety of LPS binds to the LPS receptor complex expressed by …

In a recent report, we demonstrated that distinct members of the secreted aspartic protease
(S ap) family of C andida albicans are able to induce secretion of proinflammatory cytokines …

The plant immune receptor FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) is present at the plasma
membrane and is internalized following activation of its ligand flagellin (flg22). We show that …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative
disease. Several genes have been associated with familial type PD, providing tremendous …

Natural killer (NK) cells have been shown to play a regulatory role in sepsis. According to
the current view, NK cells become activated via macrophages or dendritic cells primed by …

The major human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus has very efficient strategies to subvert
the human immune system. Virulence of the emerging community-associated methicillin …