B cells develop from hematopoietic precursor cells in an ordered maturation and selection
process. Extensive studies with many different mouse mutants provided fundamental …

Protective responses to microorganisms involve the nonspecific but rapid defence
mechanisms of the innate immune system, followed by the specific but slow defence …

The outcome of the adaptive immune response is determined by the integration of both
positive and negative signals, respectively, induced upon the triggering of co-signaling …

Immunological memory is the residuum of a successful immune response that in the B cell
lineage comprises long-lived plasma cells and long-lived memory B cells. It is apparent that …

Antibody responses are classified according to whether B cells receive help from T cells—
that is, whether they are thymus-dependent (TD) responses or thymus-independent (TI) …

Innate-like B cells (ILBs) are heterogeneous populations of unconventional B cells with
innate sensing and responding properties. ILBs in mice are composed of B1 cells, marginal …

B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common leukemia in adults, is a clonal
expansion of CD5+ CD19+ B lymphocytes. Two types of CLLs are being distinguished as …

Spleen has been considered a neglected organ so far, even though is strictly linked to liver.
The spleen plays an important role in the modulation of the immune system and in the …

Over the past 10 years our knowledge of cellular and molecular dynamics of teleost humoral
immunity has increased enormously to now include: the existence of multiple isotypes …

Immunological memory is our reservoir of ready-to-use antibodies and memory B cells.
Because of immunological memory a secondary infection will be very light or not occur at all …