There are three prerequisites for development of the autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes
(T1D). First, β cell-reactive T cells need to be activated; second, the response needs to be …

Gender bias and the role of sex hormones in autoimmune diseases are well established. In
specific pathogen-free nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, females have 1.3–4.4 times higher …

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease for which there is no cure. The pancreatic
beta cells are the source of insulin that keeps blood glucose normal. When susceptible …

While much is known about tolerogenic dendritic cell effects on forkhead box protein 3
(FoxP3)+ regulatory T cells, virtually nothing is known about their effects on another arm of …

Autoreactive B lymphocytes that are not culled by central tolerance in the bone marrow
frequently enter the peripheral repertoire in a state of functional impairment, termed anergy …

A recent type 1 diabetes (T1D) clinical trial of rituximab (a B cell-depleting anti-CD20
antibody) achieved some therapeutic benefit in preserving C-peptide for a period of …

Marginal zone (MZ) B cells are an innate-like population that oscillates between MZ and
follicular areas of the splenic white pulp. Differentiation of B cells into the MZ subset is …

Aims/hypothesis Type 1 diabetes is characterised by early peri-islet insulitis and insulin
autoantibodies, followed by invasive insulitis and beta cell destruction. The immunological …

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are CD1d-restricted T cells with regulatory functions.
iNKT cells are numerically and functionally deficient in experimental models of type 1 …

Type 1 Diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that
results from a selective loss of insulin secreting pancreatic beta cells. The aetiology of T1D …