One of the principles behind vaccination, as shown by E dward J enner in 1796, and host
protection is immunological memory, and one of the cells central to this is the antigen …

Nucleic acid–reactive B cells frequently arise in the bone marrow but are tolerized by
mechanisms including receptor editing, functional anergy, and/or deletion. TLR9, a sensor of …

B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS; also known as B cell activating factor (BAFF)) plays a key
role in peripheral B cell tolerance. Mounting evidence indicates that B cell tolerance can be …

B cells are critical in the initiation and maintenance of lupus. Autoreactive B cells clonally
expand, isotype switch, and mutate—properties associated with memory B cells (MBCs) …

The important subtleties of B cell tolerance are best understood in a diverse immunoglobulin
(Ig) repertoire context encoding a full spectrum of autoreactivity. To achieve this, we used …

The protein kinase Btk has been implicated in the development, differentiation, and
activation of B cells through its role in the BCR and TLR signaling cascades. These …

Self-reactive B cells in BALB/c AM14 transgenic (Tg) rheumatoid factor mice are not subject
to central or peripheral tolerization. Instead, they remain at a stage of “clonal ignorance”; that …

DNA sensors initiate innate immune responses upon recognition of microbial and self-
derived DNA in the intracellular compartments or cytoplasm. These sensors include TLR9 …