Abstract Treatment effects, especially when comparing two or more therapeutic alternatives
as in comparative effectiveness research, are likely to be heterogeneous across age …

Propensity‐score matching is increasingly being used to reduce the confounding that can
occur in observational studies examining the effects of treatments or interventions on …

Inferring causation from non‐randomized studies of exposure requires that exposure groups
can be balanced with respect to prognostic factors for the outcome. Although there is broad …

Background: Chronic total occlusion (CTO) is common, being reported in 18% to 30% of
patients undergoing coronary angiography. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is …

The covariate-balancing propensity score (CBPS) extends logistic regression to
simultaneously optimize covariate balance and treatment prediction. Although the CBPS has …

Background Emerging literature has supported the safety of nonoperative management of
uncomplicated appendicitis. Study Design Patients with emergent, uncomplicated …

The term confounding by indication is increasingly used in the literature, although the
concept has lost much of its original meaning. The literature includes instances where …

When a randomized controlled trial is not feasible, a key strategy in observational studies is
to ensure that intervention and control groups are comparable on observed characteristics …

Previous studies on digoxin use in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and the risk of all-
cause mortality found conflicting results. We conducted a population-based, retrospective …

Introduction Observational studies using case-control designs have showed an increased
risk of pneumonia associated with inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing medications in …