Highlights•Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) cation channels are
involved in multiple physiological processes.•HCN channels are excellent targets of various …

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (BCSF) barriers are critical
determinants of CNS homeostasis. Additionally, the BBB and BCSF barriers are formidable …

The somatotropic axis, consisting of growth hormone (GH), hepatic insulin‐like growth factor
I (IGF‐I), and assorted releasing factors, regulates growth and body composition …

Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) has been increasingly recognized as playing a critical role in the
pathogenesis of ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of renal grafts. This review provides a …

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a pleiotropic bioactive peptide
that was first isolated from an ovine hypothalamus in 1989. PACAP belongs to the …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize microbial pathogens and trigger immune response, but
their regulation by neuropeptide-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in weaned piglets …

PACAP and its cognate peptide VIP participate in various biological functions, including
myelin maturation and synthesis. However, defining whether these peptides affect …

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is an anti-inflammatory neuropeptide recently identified
as a potential antimicrobial peptide. To overcome the metabolic limitations of VIP, we …

Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors (VIPRs) are members of the G-protein-coupled
receptor superfamily. These receptors are overexpressed in many common malignant …

We previously found that juvenile pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide
(PACAP)-knockout (PACAP−/−) mice reared in an enriched environment (EE) for 4 weeks …