Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects about 1.5% of the
global population over 65 years of age. A hallmark feature of PD is the degeneration of the …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology,
although a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors has been …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common age‑related neurodegenerative
diseases, which results from a number of environmental and inherited factors. PD is …

Levodopa treatment is the major pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease. However, almost
all patients receiving levodopa eventually develop debilitating involuntary movements …

Manganese (Mn), is a trace metal required for normal physiological processes in humans.
Mn levels are tightly regulated, as high levels of Mn result in accumulation in the brain and …

Abstract Wingless/Int (Wnt) signaling pathways are signal transduction mechanisms that
have been widely studied in the field of embryogenesis. Recent work has established a …

Background Our previous study demonstrated that essential fatty acid (EFA) dietary
restriction over two generations induced midbrain dopaminergic cell loss and oxidative …

Specific vulnerability and degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra
pars compacta of the midbrain is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease. A number …

The homeobox-containing transcription factor Otx2 controls the identity, fate and proliferation
of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons. Transgenic mice, in which Otx2 was …

Müller cells constitute the main glial cell type in the retina where it interacts with virtually all
cells displaying relevant functions to retinal physiology. Under appropriate stimuli, Müller …