The concept of a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) is well established. Here, we
review the evidence base and methods used to define MCIDs as well as their strengths and …

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are prone to acute respiratory
exacerbations, which can develop suddenly or subacutely over the course of several days …

The publication of the Spanish guideline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease–COPD–
(GesEPOC) has brought about a change in the approach to the treatment of this disease …

We evaluated the effect of QVA149, a dual bronchodilator combining indacaterol and
glycopyrronium, on direct patient-reported dyspnoea in patients with moderate-to-severe …

The main cause of this disease is considered to be smoking or exposure to other gases and
harmful particles that cause an inflammatory reaction in the airways and lung parenchyma …

Introduction QVA149 is a novel, inhaled, once-daily dual bronchodilator containing a fixed-
dose combination of the long-acting β 2-agonist indacaterol and the long-acting muscarinic …

Acetylcholine (neuronal and non-neuronal origin) regulates bronchoconstriction, and mucus
secretion. It has an inflammatory effect by inducing attraction, survival and cytokine release …

Background Two once-daily long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) are currently
available for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)–tiotropium and …

Background Addition of a second bronchodilator from a different pharmacological class may
benefit patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) …

Highlights•Several phenotypes characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD).•Response to pharmacological treatment in COPD is highly variable.•Guidelines …