Vaginal drug administration can improve prophylaxis and treatment of many conditions
affecting the female reproductive tract, including sexually transmitted diseases, fungal and …

Mucosal surfaces are continuously exposed to the external environment and therefore
represent the largest lymphoid organ of the body. In the mucosal immune system, gut …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key modulators that shape the immune system. In mucosal tissues,
DCs act as surveillance systems to sense infection and also function as professional antigen …

Oral vaccination can offer a painless and convenient method of vaccination. Furthermore, in
addition to systemic immunity it has potential to stimulate mucosal immunity through antigen …

Intranasal delivery of DNA vaccines has become a popular research area recently. It offers
some distinguished advantages over parenteral and other routes of vaccine administration …

Introduction: The emergence of new diseases and the lack of efficient vaccines against
numerous nontreatable pathogens require the development of novel vaccination strategies …

Oral drug delivery is a route of choice for vaccine administration because of its noninvasive
nature and thus efforts have focused on efficient delivery of vaccine antigens to mucosal …

Antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation is enhanced by vaccine adjuvants. Most vaccines
are based on the assumption that adjuvant activity of Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists …

Microvilli are membrane extensions on the apical surface of polarized epithelia, such as
intestinal enterocytes and tubule and duct epithelia. One notable exception in mucosal …

It has been widely recognised that the phylogenetic distance between laboratory animals
and humans limits the former's predictive value for immunogenicity testing of …