Despite substantial investments by government, philanthropic, and commercial sources over
the past several decades, traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains an unmet medical need and a …

Background After central nervous system injury, inflammatory macrophages (M1)
predominate over anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2). The temporal profile of M1/M2 …

Female sex is associated with improved outcome in experimental brain injury models, such
as traumatic brain injury, ischemic stroke, and intracerebral hemorrhage. This implies female …

Inflammatory responses are associated with blood‑brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and
neurological deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of the present study was …

Background In preclinical neurological studies, monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) in
animal models especially in rodents is challenging. Further, the lack of methods for long …

This aim of this study was to investigate whether progesterone (PROG) alleviates the
neuronal apoptosis in neonatal rats with hypoxic‑ischemic (HI) brain damage through the …

Highlights•PROG protects cultured hippocampal neurons and decreases LDH in
vitro.•PROG reduces the expression of iNOS in hippocampus CA1 in vivo.•iNOS may be as a …

Gender-oriented studies in shock, trauma, and/or sepsis require accurate monitoring of
hormonal fluctuations as estrogens may influence various end points. Yet, monitoring is …

Background: Accidents are the second reason for mortality and morbidity in Iran. Among
them, brain injuries are the most important damage. Clarification of the effects of brain …

Recent studies found that progesterone (PROG) has a noticeable preventive effect on brain
injuries. However, the underlying mechanisms of these effects, particularly on hypoxic …