The formulation and delivery of biopharmaceutical drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies
and recombinant proteins, poses substantial challenges owing to their large size and …

Drug delivery systems are widely researched and developed to improve the delivery of
pharmaceutical compounds and molecules. The last few decades have seen a marked …

HCV is a blood-borne virus transmitted by percutaneous exposure to infected blood or blood-
derived body fluids. The main routes of transmission are blood transfusions, medical …

Introduction. Health care workers are exposed to different kinds of occupational hazards due
to their day to day activities. The most common occupational exposure like body fluids is a …

Background Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) approaches utilize skin associated
lymphatic tissues to elicit specific immune responses. In this context, the imidazoquinoline …

Aims Practice Guidelines for Management of Hepatitis C were first established in 2004.
Since then, many study results have been published concerned with epidemiology, clinical …

Aim: To investigate the effects of co-delivering IL-6 expressing plasmid pCI-IL-6 on the
immunogenicity of the anti-caries DNA vaccine pCIA-P, which encodes the surface protein …

Oral delivery remains a challenge for poorly permeable hydrophilic macromolecules. Poly
(amido amine)(PAMAM) dendrimers have shown potential for their possible oral delivery …

Intradermal powder immunization is an emerging technique in vaccine delivery. The
purpose of this study was to generate powder particles for intradermal injection by freeze …

Background: Unsafe medical injections remain a potential route of HIV transmission in
Kenya. We used data from a national survey in Kenya to study the magnitude of medical …