Genetically encoded optical actuators and indicators have changed the landscape of
neuroscience, enabling targetable control and readout of specific components of intact …

Major depression is characterized by a cluster of symptoms that includes hopelessness, low
mood, feelings of worthlessness and inability to experience pleasure. The lifetime …

Calcium imaging is a versatile experimental approach capable of resolving single neurons
with single-cell spatial resolution in the brain. Electrophysiological recordings provide high …

Optogenetic inhibition of the electrical activity of neurons enables the causal assessment of
their contributions to brain functions. Red light penetrates deeper into tissue than other …

Monitoring representative fractions of neurons from multiple brain circuits in behaving
animals is necessary for understanding neuronal computation. Here, we describe a system …

Restoration of motor and sensory functions in paralyzed patients requires the development
of tools for simultaneous recording and stimulation of neural activity in the spinal cord. In …

Highlights•Focal, low-intensity optogenetic stimulation improves interneuron
characterization.•Diode-probes allow flexible multisite perturbation of interneurons.•Methods …

Abstract Space is continuous. But the communities of researchers that study the cognitive
map in non-humans are strangely divided, with debate over its existence found among …

Neurons in different locations across the cortex are connected through polysynaptic
networks involving both excitation and inhibition. To probe the functional effect of such …

Brain networks contain a large diversity of functionally distinct neuronal elements, each with
unique properties, enabling computational capacities and supporting brain functions …