The immune system recognizes and is poised to eliminate cancer but is held in check by
inhibitory receptors and ligands. These immune checkpoint pathways, which normally …

The regulatory approval of ipilimumab (Yervoy) in 2011 ushered in a new era of cancer
immunotherapies with durable clinical effects. Most of these breakthrough medicines are …

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the first and rate limiting catabolic enzyme in the
degradation pathway of the essential amino acid tryptophan. By cleaving the aromatic indole …

It has become evident that tumor-induced immuno-suppressive factors in the tumor
microenvironment play a major role in suppressing normal functions of effector T cells …

IDO1 (indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem
dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino …

Tryptophan is required for T lymphocyte effector functions. Its degradation is one of the
mechanisms selected by tumors to resist immune destruction. Two enzymes, tryptophan-2, 3 …

Background: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has a central role in cancer
progression and metastatic dissemination and may be induced by local inflammation. We …

The kynurenine pathway is a fundamental mechanism of immunosuppression and
peripheral tolerance. It is increasingly recognized as playing a major role in the …

The kynurenine pathway is responsible for the metabolism of more than 95% of dietary
tryptophan (TRP) and produces numerous bioactive metabolites. Recent studies have …

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature
cells that expand during benign and cancer-associated inflammation and are characterized …