The immune response to Candida species is shaped by the commensal character of the
fungus. There is a crucial role for discerning between colonization and invasion at mucosal …

Teleost fish possess an adaptive immune system associated with each of their mucosal
body surfaces. Evidence obtained from mucosal vaccination and mucosal infection studies …

Being a transient carrier of genetic information, mRNA could be a versatile, flexible, and safe
means for protein therapies. While recent findings highlight the enormous therapeutic …

Mutations in ADAR, which encodes the ADAR1 RNA-editing enzyme, cause Aicardi-
Goutières syndrome (AGS), a severe autoimmune disease associated with an aberrant type …

Antiviral immunity is initiated upon host recognition of viral products via non-self molecular
patterns known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Such recognition …

Severe influenza disease strikes otherwise healthy children and remains unexplained. We
report compound heterozygous null mutations in IRF7, which encodes the transcription …

Recognition of an invading pathogen is critical to elicit protective responses. Certain
microbial structures and molecules, which are crucial for their survival and virulence, are …

Skin cancers are by far the most common malignancy of humans, particularly in the white
population. The growing incidence of cutaneous malignancies has heralded the need for …

Most isolates of human rhinovirus, the common cold virus, replicate more robustly at the cool
temperatures found in the nasal cavity (33–35° C) than at core body temperature (37° C). To …

The cytosolic helicase retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) initiates immune responses to
most RNA viruses by detecting viral 5′-triphosphorylated RNA (pppRNA). Although …