Fluorescence imaging offers expanding capabilities for recording neural dynamics in
behaving mammals, including the means to monitor hundreds of cells targeted by genetic …

A fundamental issue in cortical processing of sensory information is whether top-down
control circuits from higher brain areas to primary sensory areas not only modulate but …

Fluorescent Ca2+ reporters are widely used as readouts of neuronal activities. Here we
designed R-CaMP2, a high-affinity red genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) with a …

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is one of the most promising new model organisms. The
increasing popularity of this amazing small vertebrate is evident from the exponentially …

Fear is induced by innate and learned mechanisms involving separate pathways. Here, we
used an olfactory-mediated innate-fear versus learned-fear paradigm to investigate how …

Circuit mapping requires knowledge of both structural and functional connectivity between
cells. Although optical tools have been made to assess either the morphology and …

Faithful reporting of temporal patterns of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics requires the working
range of indicators to match the signals. Current genetically encoded calmodulin-based …

Imaging calcium transients associated with neuronal activity has yielded important insights
into neural physiology. Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) offer conspicuous …

Axonal transport is critical for neuronal development and function, and defective axonal
transport has been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. However, how axonal …

Live imaging has become an essential tool to investigate the coordinated activity and output
of cellular networks. Within the last decade, 2 Nobel prizes have been awarded to recognize …