It is nearly 40 years since Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) was first used as an
immunotherapy to treat superficial bladder cancer. Despite its limitations, to date it has not …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional
cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. PDT comprises the …

Porphyrazines have recently emerged as a useful class of tetrapyrroles suitable for
photodynamic therapy of cancer (PDT) with excellent uptake and retention properties in vivo …

Methods: A systematic literature review was performed using the terms (immunotherapy,
NMIBC, BCG, and intravesical) using PubMed and Cochrane databases. Results: BCG …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was originally developed for the treatment of solid tumors by
the concerted action of a tumor-localizing agent, named as the photosensitizer, molecular …

Although transurethral resection (TUR) of bladder tumor is the initial step in the management
of patients with bladder tumors, a substantial proportion of patients with non‐muscle …

It is measured in Joules per second, that is also called Watt (1J/s= 1 watt). In some
machines, the control screen shows a window for energy and another for rate and as you set …

Cancer is a major health problem worldwide and is the second cause of death in the United
States. Improved methods to fight cancer are greatly needed. The early detection of cancer …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used to treat cancer, and involves a highly conjugated
molecule, called a photosensitizer (PS), which is excited by wavelengths of light from visible …