Based on its wide expression in immune cells, type-2 cannabinoid (CB 2) receptors were
traditionally thought to act as⿿ peripheral receptors⿿ with an almost exclusively …

Increasing evidence supports a decisive role for inflammation in the neurodegenerative
process of Parkinson's disease (PD). The immune response in PD seems to involve, not only …

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder with selective
and progressive decline of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Hypericum perforatum L.(H …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by loss of
midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Microglia-mediated …

Increasing evidence suggests that the dopaminergic degeneration which characterizes
Parkinson's disease starts in the striatal dopamine terminals and progresses retrogradely to …

Abstract Growth/differentiation factor-15 (Gdf-15) is a member of the TGF-β superfamily and
a pleiotropic, widely distributed cytokine, which has been shown to play roles in various …

Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are known causative factors in progressive
degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). Neural stem …

Abstract Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, have been
demonstrated to promote neuroprotection in the rat 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) …

Parkinson's disease is a slowly progressing neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), leading to severe impairment in motor …

Enhanced β band (βB) activity, which is suppressed by levodopa (LD) treatment, has been
demonstrated within the basal ganglia (BG) of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However …