Deep brain stimulation (DBS), applying high-frequency electrical stimulation to deep brain
structures, has now provided an effective therapeutic option for treatment of various …

Electrical stimulation of sub-cortical brain regions (the basal ganglia), known as deep brain
stimulation (DBS), is an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). Chronic high …

Most neurons of the striatum, approximately 95% in rodents, consist of GABAergic spiny
projection neurons that form the major inputs and the only outputs of the nucleus. The …

Handbook of Basal Ganglia Structure and Function, Second Edition, offers an integrated
overview of the structural and functional aspects of the basal ganglia, highlighting clinical …

Circuitry models of Parkinson's disease (PD) are based on striatal dopamine loss and
aberrant striatal inputs into the basal ganglia network. However, extrastriatal mechanisms …

Background Development of treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is
hampered by a lack of mechanistic understanding about this prevalent neuropsychiatric …

The characteristic slowness of movement in Parkinson9s disease relates to an imbalance in
the activity of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the direct (dMSNs) and indirect …

Absence seizures are characterized by brief interruptions of conscious experience
accompanied by oscillations of activity synchronized across many brain areas. Although the …

Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are debilitating side effects of dopamine replacement
therapy (DRT) in Parkinson's disease (PD) that severely affect the quality of life of patients …

Inhibitory interneurons are the fundamental constituents of neural circuits that organize
network outputs. The striatum as part of the basal ganglia is involved in reward-directed …