The reconstitution of lost bone is a subject that is germane to many orthopedic conditions
including fractures and non-unions, infection, inflammatory arthritis, osteoporosis …

As direct effector cells for osteogenesis, osteoblastic cells are commonly used for evaluating
the in vitro osteogenic capacity of bone biomaterials, and the traditional biological principle …

Background The discrepancy between some scientific views and the daily clinical
experience with dental implants has made the topic of “periimplantitis” highly controversial …

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells of hematopoietic origin that are responsible for the
degradation of old bone matrix. Osteoclast differentiation and activity are controlled by two …

Bone remodeling is a highly coordinated process responsible for bone resorption and
formation. It is initiated and modulated by a number of factors including inflammation …

Host immune response induced by foreign bone biomaterials plays an important role in
determining their fate after implantation. Hence, it is well worth designing advanced bone …

Oncogenic events combined with a favourable environment are the two main factors in the
oncological process. The tumour microenvironment is composed of a complex …

The local immune response is important to consider when the aim is to improve bone
regeneration. Recently T lymphocytes and their associated cytokines have been identified …

Background Bone formation and remodeling are influenced by the inflammatory state of the
local microenvironment. In this regard, macrophages are postulated to play a crucial role in …

Osteoclasts are giant multinucleated cells that differentiate from hematopoietic cells in the
bone marrow and carry out important physiological functions in the regulation of skeletal …