A key and common process present in organisms from all domains of life is the maintenance
of the ion gradient between the inside and the outside of the cell. The gradient is generated …

Rhodopsins are one of the most studied photoreceptor protein families, and ion‐
translocating rhodopsins, both pumps and channels, have recently attracted broad attention …

A novel light-driven chloride-pumping rhodopsin (ClR) containing an 'NTQ motif'in its
putative ion conduction pathway has been discovered and functionally characterized in a …

In addition to the well-known light-driven outward proton pumps, novel ion-pumping
rhodopsins functioning as outward Na+ and inward Cl− pumps have been recently found in …

Krokinobacter rhodopsin 2 (KR2) is a recently discovered light-driven Na+ pump that holds
significant promise for application as a neural silencer in optogenetics. KR2 transports Na+ …

Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) is a light-driven Na+ pump found in marine
bacterium. KR2 pumps Li+ and Na+, but it becomes an H+ pump in the presence of K+, Rb+ …

The light-driven inward chloride ion-pumping rhodopsin Nonlabens marinus rhodopsin-3
(NM-R3), from a marine flavobacterium, belongs to a phylogenetic lineage distinct from the …

Discovery of the light-driven sodium-motive pump Na+-rhodopsin (NaR) has initiated studies
of the molecular mechanism of this novel membrane-linked energy transducer. In this paper …

Light-driven outward sodium-pumping rhodopsin (NaR) was recently found in marine
bacteria. Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) actively transports sodium and lithium …

Microbial rhodopsins are light-activated, seven-α-helical, retinylidene transmembrane
proteins that have been identified in thousands of organisms across archaea, bacteria, fungi …