Dopamine, a principal neurotransmitter, deserves upgrading to 'NeuroImmunotransmitter'
thanks to its multiple, direct and powerful effects on most/all immune cells. Dopamine by …

This study tested whether activation of adrenoreceptors in chondrocytes has roles in
degenerative remodelling of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and to determine associated …

Background Patients with chronic pain disorders exhibit increased levels of catecholamines
alongside diminished activity of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that …

Adjuvant-induced arthritis is an experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis that is associated
with body weight loss and muscle wasting. β2-adrenergic receptor agonists are powerful …

Prior to their release, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 are cleaved to their bioactive forms by a
multiprotein complex known as an inflammasome, which is comprised of a number of …

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of catecholamines, is
expressed in T lymphocytes. However, the role of T cell-expressed TH in rheumatoid arthritis …

Background: The inflammatory hypothesis of depression implies that an unbalance of the
immune system may trigger abnormal responses, affecting neural signalling mediators and …

Abstract Gamma (γ)-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter found
in the mammalian central nervous system. Its effect stems from its ability to cause the …

Chronic inflammatory process (es) contributes to changes in vascular function in a variety of
diseases. Sympathetic nerve-mediated responses in blood vessels play a pivotal role in …

Idiopathic pain disorders (IPDs) are common in the population, yet poorly understood and
managed. It is generally accepted that IPDs result from variability in genetic and …