Influenza virus and coronavirus epidemics or pandemics have occurred in succession
worldwide throughout the early 21st century. These epidemics or pandemics pose a major …

No specific antivirals are currently available for two emerging infectious diseases, Middle
East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). A …

Infection by enveloped coronaviruses (CoVs) initiates with viral spike (S) proteins binding to
cellular receptors, and is followed by proteolytic cleavage of receptor-bound S proteins …

ABSTRACT Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), a causative agent of the common cold,
enters host cells via two distinct pathways: one is mediated by cell surface proteases …

Highlights•Influenza virus replication depends on activation by airway proteases of the
host.•One prominent enzyme, TMPRSS2, also activates some other respiratory …

The spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)
mediates viral entry into target cells. Cleavage and activation of SARS S by a host cell …

Proteolytic activity is fundamental to survival, so it is not surprising that all living organisms
have proteases, especially seine protease. This enzyme in its numerous isoforms and …

The coronavirus (CoV) S protein requires cleavage by host cell proteases to mediate virus-
cell and cell-cell fusion. Many strains of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) …

Opinion statement Purpose of review Ebola virus, a member of the Filoviridae family, is a
causative agent of severe viral hemorrhagic fever in humans. Over the past 40 years, the …

There have been 2040 laboratory-confirmed cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome
coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 27 countries, with a mortality rate of 34.9%. There is no specific …