Nasal administration of vaccines is convenient for the potential stimulation of mucosal and
systemic immune protection. Moreover the easy accessibility of the intranasal route renders …

Vaccine adjuvants induce innate immune responses and the addition of adjuvants to the
vaccine helps to induce protective immunity in the host. Vaccines utilizing live attenuated or …

Swine influenza virus (SwIV) is one of the important zoonotic pathogens. Current flu
vaccines have failed to provide cross-protection against evolving viruses in the field. Poly …

From the birth, since their mucosal microbiota and immune system are not fully developed,
newborn calves are susceptible to several mucosal pathogenic microorganisms. Operating …

There is a pressing need for effective needle-free vaccines that are stable enough for use in
the developing world and stockpiling. The inclusion of the cationic lipid DDA and the PEG …

The use of plant systems as factories for recombinant protein production became a
prominent alternative for pharmaceutical industries due to their high potential for protein …

Vaccine design has undergone a shift toward the use of purified protein subunit vaccines,
which offer increased safety and greater control over antigen specificity, but at the expense …

Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a major global concern and the
available Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is poorly efficacious in adults. Therefore …

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles have been extensively investigated and considered as a
next generation vaccine. Recently, we have demonstrated that the cholera pentavalent outer …

To date, most of the licensed vaccines for mucosal delivery are based on live-attenuated
viruses which carry the risk of regaining their pathogenicity. Therefore, the development of …